How Many Litres In A Barrel Of Oil

Definitions – In the oil industry, one barrel ( unit symbol bbl ) is a unit of volume used for measuring oil defined as 42 US gallons or 158.987 litres or 35 imperial gallons, According to the American Petroleum Institute (API), a standard barrel of oil is athe amount of oil that would occupy a volume of exactly 1 barrel (159 L) at reference temperature and pressure conditions of 60 °F (15.6 °C) and 14.696 psi (101.325 kPa ).

How many Litres is in a barrel of crude oil?

How many litres are there in One barrel of oil? One barrel of oil contains 159 liters.

How much petrol is made from 1 barrel of oil?

One barrel of crude oil produces up to 42.5 gallons of oil products. Gasoline is the most produced oil product, accounting for 19.5 gallons, followed by diesel and heating oil.

Why is a barrel of oil 42 gallons?

19th century coopers made wooden barrels of all capacities, including hogsheads, puncheons, tierces, butts, and tuns. – Soon after America’s first commercial oil well of 1859, a small group met in northwestern Pennsylvania and decided a 42-gallon barrel was best for transporting their oil. By the 1860s, barges floated barrels of oil down the Allegheny River to Pittsburgh to be refined into a highly demanded product – kerosene for lamps. Image from an early oil company stock certificate. In August 1866 a handful of America’s earliest independent oil producers met in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and agreed that henceforth, 42 gallons would constitute a barrel of oil. The 42-gallon barrel standard was adopted by the Petroleum Producers Association in 1872. Although pipelines would later challenge the oil region’s teamsters, the business of moving oil depended mostly on men, wagons, horses, flatboats, and barrels. To reach railroad station and docks, teams of horses pulled wagons carrying as many as eight barrels of oil.

How many Litres is a barrel in Canada?

Crude Oil is sold between countries in quantities called barrels (bbl). There are approximately 159 litres (42 US gallons) of oil in a barrel.

Who is the largest producer of oil in the world?

1. Which country is the world’s leading oil producer? – The United States is currently the world’s leading oil producing country, followed by Saudi Arabia and Russia.

How much oil for 1 litre petrol?

What is the ratio for 2-stroke fuel mix? – Most modern petrol garden machinery requires a 50:1 ratio mix of petrol to oil. This means for every 1 litre of petrol you must mix 20ml of oil. We’ve listed some of the common quantities and the petrol to oil mix below.

50:1 ratio	Petrol	Oil
For 1 litre	Mix 1 litre of petrol	with 20ml of oil
For 2 litres	Mix 2 litres of petrol	with 40ml of oil
For 3 litres	Mix 3 litres of petrol	with 60ml of oil
For 4 litres	Mix 4 litres of petrol	with 80ml of oil
For 5 litres	Mix 5 litres of petrol	with 100ml of oil
For 10 litres	Mix 10 litres of petrol	with 200ml of oil
For 50 litres	Mix 50 litres of petrol	with 1 litre of oil

The required petrol to oil ratio can differ between engines and brands of oil. The best thing to do is refer to your user manual and follow manufacturer guidelines. Please be aware that some older 2-stroke engines (and some lower quality modern engines) may require a different petrol to oil ratio, such as 20:1, 25:1 or 40:1.

Which 2 countries use the most oil?

Oil Consumption by Country

#	Country	World Share
1	United States	20.3 %
2	China	13.2 %
3	India	4.6 %
4	Japan	4.1 %

How much diesel comes from a barrel of oil?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Petroleum refineries in the United States produce about 19 to 20 gallons of motor gasoline and 11 to 12 gallons of ultra-low sulfur distillate fuel oil (most of which is sold as diesel fuel and in several states as heating oil) from one 42-gallon barrel of crude oil.

How much profit is a barrel of oil?

Social media posts shout the news: “Major oil companies are making record profits because of gas prices.” Yes, it’s true that major oil companies had high net income last year, in some cases the highest in eight years. But it’s because of oil prices, not gas prices.

Company	2021 net income (crude oil averaged $71)
Exxon Mobil Corp.	$23 billion
Shell Oil Co./Motiva Enterprises LLC	$19 billion
Chevron Corp.	$16 billion
BP North America	$13 billion
ConocoPhillips/Phillips 66	$8 billion
TOTAL	$79 billion

Information is from published earnings reports, rounded to the nearest billion). How much of these profits are from gas sales? Let’s look at the numbers, using only U.S. demand. The United States is the largest consumer of energy, responsible for one-fifth of world demand.U.S.

• Drivers consume approximately 9 million barrels of gasoline a day.
• Multiply that by 365 days in a year and by 42 gallons of crude oil in a barrel at an approximate retail net profit (before taxes) of 10 cents per gallon, that adds up to $14 billion in estimated annual profits from selling gasoline in the country—for all 145,000 retailers selling fuel in the U.S,

However, only about 39% of the country’s 145,000 fueling outlets carry branded fuel of one of the five major oil companies. In these contractual arrangements, the station promises to buy a certain amount of fuel in exchange for the right to use the brand’s name.

Company	Branded Stations	Company-Owned
Exxon Mobil Corp.	11,000
Shell Oil Co./Motiva Enterprises LLC	25,000	211
Chevron Corp.	8,000
BP North America	7,000
ConocoPhillips/Phillips 66	6,000
TOTAL	57,000	211

The branded station count is to the nearest 1,000 stores; the company-owned count is from NielsenIQ as of December 2021.) So, when you see announcements about profits or earnings reports of oil companies, don’t confuse them with your local/neighborhood convenience store that’s competing for your business every day to fuel your vehicle.

1. Net margins at c-stores and gas stations are only 1 to 3% before taxes.
2. Fuel retailers know that their customers are price sensitive.
3. If oil companies don’t make much money in “downstream” operations, where do oil companies make their money? It’s in their name: from oil, whether that means “upstream” operations of drilling for it or “middle stream” operations of refining it.

It is important to recognize that oil producers don’t determine the price of oil—it is an international commodity that is traded on the open market, which means that traders set the price based upon their expectations for demand and supply in the future.

• Breakeven costs to “produce” oil vary wildly, depending on how easily it flows to the surface via wells.
• It readily flows from Saudi Arabian fields, but the costs are higher for offshore drilling and on many U.S.
• Oil fields.
• A survey of oil producers by the Dallas Fed found that oil prices needed to be above $56 a barrel to profitably drill new wells, with breakeven costs lower for existing wells.

When prices are elevated, it is tempting to evaluate profitability at that moment in time—but to fully understand profitability in the fuels sector (from oil companies to convenience retailers selling fuel) requires looking at a longer period. For example, in 2021, oil prices averaged $71 a barrel, meaning oil producers could expect a profit of at least $15 a barrel, whether that oil was refined into gasoline, jet fuel or home heating oil, among other options.

Company	2020 net income (crude oil averaged $42)
Exxon Mobil Corp.	-$22 billion
Shell Oil Co./Motiva Enterprises LLC	$5 billion
Chevron Corp.	-$6 billion
BP North America	-$6 billion
ConocoPhillips/Phillips 66	-$3 billion
TOTAL	-$32 billion

Information is from published earnings reports, rounded to the nearest billion). Oil prices are a significant factor, but there are a lot of others factors that translate to profitability in the oil business. Major oil companies are multinational businesses that operate in dozens of countries and have operations that go well beyond drilling for oil and selling retail fuels.

• Plus, there are plenty of others who produce oil, from the large multinational companies to an estimated 9,000 independent oil producers in the United States alone.
• And everyone has different costs.
• Whether oil prices are high or low, downstream operations—in other words, the costs and profits associated with selling gasoline—play a small role in overall oil company profits as well as determining gas prices, and that’s been true for at least the past decade,

The markup on a gallon of gas averages 30 cents and after expenses, especially credit card fees which can be 10 cents or more per gallon, retailers have net profits of around 10 cents a gallon. Selling gasoline as a convenience store certainly can be a good business model.

After all, there is a reason that 145,000 outlets—including 116,00-plus convenience stores—sell fuel. But it’s important to remember that while the exterior branding makes it look like the store is owned by a major oil company, that’s not the case. More than half of all convenience stores selling gas (54.6%) are one-store operators who may sell a specific brand of fuel or may even be a franchisee.

But like with most convenience stores, they derive the bulk of their profits from in-store sales. Convenience retailers selling fuel prefer lower gas prices because that means their customers will be in a better mood knowing they have extra dollars in their wallets.

How much oil is left in the world?

World Oil Reserves – See also: List of countries by Oil Reserves There are 1.65 trillion barrels of proven oil reserves in the world as of 2016, The world has proven reserves equivalent to 46.6 times its annual consumption levels, This means it has about 47 years of oil left (at current consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).

Is oil actually stored in barrels?

Thus, the 42 US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer a physical container used to transport crude oil, as most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers.

Was oil ever $150 a barrel?

Oil prices have never risen above $150 per barrel, and it would be unlikely to in a global recession. But theoretically the right set of circumstances could push oil to new highs—and there are a set of factors coming together in the next couple of months that look very bullish.

Where does oil come from?

Petroleum Petroleum, or crude oil, is a fossil fuel and nonrenewable source of energy. Biology, Ecology, Health, Earth Science, Geology, Experiential Learning, Social Studies, Economics Millions of years ago, algae and plants lived in shallow seas. After dying and sinking to the seafloor, the organic material mixed with other sediments and was buried. Over millions of years under high pressure and high temperature, the remains of these organisms transformed into what we know today as fossil fuels,

Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are all fossil fuels that formed under similar conditions. Today, petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were located. Petroleum reservoirs can be found beneath land or the ocean floor. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.

Crude oil is usually black or dark brown, but can also be yellowish, reddish, tan, or even greenish. Variations in color indicate the distinct chemical compositions of different supplies of crude oil. Petroleum that has few metals or sulfur, for instance, tends to be lighter (sometimes nearly clear).

Petroleum is used to make gasoline, an important product in our everyday lives. It is also processed and part of thousands of different items, including tires, refrigerators, life jackets, and anesthetics, When petroleum products such as gasoline are burned for energy, they release toxic gases and high amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas,

Carbon helps regulate Earth’s atmospheric temperature, and adding to the natural balance by burning fossil fuels adversely affects our climate, There are huge quantities of petroleum found under Earth’s surface and in tar pits that bubble to the surface.

• Petroleum even exists far below the deepest wells that are developed to extract it.
• However, petroleum, like coal and natural gas, is a nonrenewable source of energy.
• It took millions of years for it to form, and when it is extracted and consumed, there is no way for us to replace it.
• Oil supplies will run out.

Eventually, the world will reach ” peak oil,” or its highest production level. Some experts predict peak oil could come as soon as 2050. Finding alternatives to petroleum is crucial to global energy use, and is the focus of many industries. Formation of Petroleum The geological conditions that would eventually create petroleum formed millions of years ago, when plants, algae, and plankton drifted in oceans and shallow seas.

These organisms sank to the seafloor at the end of their life cycle. Over time, they were buried and crushed under millions of tons of sediment and even more layers of plant debris. Eventually, ancient seas dried up and dry basins remained, called sedimentary basins, Deep under the basin floor, the organic material was compressed between Earth’s mantle, with very high temperatures, and millions of tons of rock and sediment above.

Oxygen was almost completely absent in these conditions, and the organic matter began to transform into a waxy substance called kerogen, With more heat, time, and pressure, the kerogen underwent a process called catagenesis, and transformed into hydrocarbons,

Hydrocarbons are simply chemicals made up of hydrogen and carbon. Different combinations of heat and pressure can create different forms of hydrocarbons. Some other examples are coal, peat, and natural gas. Sedimentary basins, where ancient seabeds used to lie, are key sources of petroleum. In Africa, the Niger Delta sedimentary basin covers land in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea.

More than 500 oil deposits have been discovered in the massive Niger Delta basin, and they comprise one of the most productive oil fields in Africa. Chemistry and Classification of Crude Oil The gasoline we use to fuel our cars, the synthetic fabrics of our backpacks and shoes, and the thousands of different useful products made from petroleum come in forms that are consistent and reliable.

• However, the crude oil from which these items are produced is neither consistent nor uniform.
• Chemistry Crude oil is composed of hydrocarbons, which are mainly hydrogen (about 13 percent by weight) and carbon (about 85 percent).
• Other elements such as nitrogen (about 0.5 percent), sulfur (0.5 percent), oxygen (1 percent), and metals such as iron, nickel, and copper (less than 0.1 percent) can also be mixed in with the hydrocarbons in small amounts.The way molecules are organized in the hydrocarbon is a result of the original composition of the algae, plants, or plankton from millions of years ago.

The amount of heat and pressure the plants were exposed to also contributes to variations that are found in hydrocarbons and crude oil. Due to this variation, crude oil that is pumped from the ground can consist of hundreds of different petroleum compounds.

1. Light oils can contain up to 97 percent hydrocarbons, while heavier oils and bitumens might contain only 50 percent hydrocarbons and larger quantities of other elements.
2. It is almost always necessary to refine crude oil in order to make useful products.
3. Classification Oil is classified according to three main categories: the geographic location where it was drilled, its sulfur content, and its API gravity (a measure of density ).

Classification: Geography Oil is drilled all over the world. However, there are three primary sources of crude oil that set reference points for ranking and pricing other oil supplies: Brent Crude, West Texas Intermediate, and Dubai and Oman.Brent Crude is a mixture that comes from 15 different oil fields between Scotland and Norway in the North Sea.

• These fields supply oil to most of Europe.West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is a lighter oil that is produced mostly in the U.S.
• State of Texas.
• It is “sweet” and “light”—considered very high quality.
• WTI supplies much of North America with oil.
• Dubai crude, also known as Fateh or Dubai-Oman crude, is a light, sour oil that is produced in Dubai, part of the United Arab Emirates.

The nearby country of Oman has recently begun producing oil. Dubai and Oman crudes are used as a reference point for pricing Persian Gulf oils that are mostly exported to Asia. The OPEC Reference Basket is another important oil source. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

The OPEC Reference Basket is the average price of petroleum from OPEC’s 12 member countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Classification: Sulfur Content Sulfur is considered an ” impurity ” in petroleum. Sulfur in crude oil can corrode metal in the refining process and contribute to air pollution,

Petroleum with more than 0.5 percent sulfur is called “sour,” while petroleum with less than 0.5 percent sulfur is “sweet.”Sweet oil is usually much more valuable than sour because it does not require as much refining and is less harmful to the environment.

Classification: API Gravity The American Petroleum Institute (API) is a trade association for businesses in the oil and natural gas industries. The API has established accepted systems of standards for a variety of oil- and gas-related products, such as gauges, pumps, and drilling machinery. The API has also established several units of measurement.

The “API unit,” for instance, measures gamma radiation in a borehole (a shaft drilled into the ground).API gravity is a measure of the density of petroleum liquid compared to water. If a petroleum liquid’s API gravity is greater than 10, it is “light,” and floats on top of water.

If the API gravity is less than 10, it is “heavy,” and sinks in water.Light oils are preferred because they have a higher yield of hydrocarbons. Heavier oils have greater concentrations of metals and sulfur, and require more refining. Petroleum Reservoirs Petroleum is found in underground pockets called reservoirs.

Deep beneath the Earth, pressure is extremely high. Petroleum slowly seeps out toward the surface, where there is lower pressure. It continues this movement from high to low pressure until it encounters a layer of rock that is impermeable, The petroleum then collects in reservoirs, which can be several hundred meters below the surface of Earth.

1. Petroleum can be contained by structural traps, which are formed when massive layers of rock are bent or faulted (broken) from Earth’s shifting landmasses.
2. Oil can also be contained by stratigraphic traps,
3. Different strata, or layers of rock, can have different amounts of porosity,
4. Crude oil migrates easily through a layer of sandstone, for instance, but would be trapped beneath a layer of shale.

Geologists, chemists, and engineers look for geological structures that typically trap petroleum. They use a process called ” seismic reflection ” to locate underground rock structures that might have trapped crude oil. During the process, a small explosion is set off.

Sound waves travel underground, bounce off of the different types of rock, and return to the surface. Sensors on the ground interpret the returning sound waves to determine the underground geological layout and possibility of a petroleum reservoir. The amount of petroleum in a reservoir is measured in barrels or tons.

An oil barrel is about 42 gallons. This measurement is usually used by oil producers in the United States. Oil producers in Europe and Asia tend to measure in metric tons. There are about six to eight barrels of oil in a metric ton. The conversion is imprecise because different varieties of oil weigh different amounts, depending on the amount of impurities.

1. Crude oil is frequently found in reservoirs along with natural gas.
2. In the past, natural gas was either burned or allowed to escape into the atmosphere.
3. Now, technology has been developed to capture the natural gas and either reinject it into the well or compress it into liquid natural gas ( LNG ).
4. LNG is easily transportable and has versatile uses.

Extracting Petroleum In some places, petroleum bubbles to the surface of Earth. In parts of Saudi Arabia and Iraq, for instance, porous rock allows oil to seep to the surface in small ponds. However, most oil is trapped in underground oil reservoirs. The total amount of petroleum in a reservoir is called oil-in-place,

Many petroleum liquids that make up a reservoir’s oil-in-place are unable to be extracted. These petroleum liquids may be too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to drill. The part of a reservoir’s oil-in-place that can be extracted and refined is that reservoir’s oil reserves, The decision to invest in complex drilling operations is often made based on a site’s proven oil reserves.

Drilling can either be developmental, exploratory, or directional. Drilling in an area where oil reserves have already been found is called developmental drilling, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, United States, has the largest oil reserves in the United States. Developmental drilling in Prudhoe Bay includes new wells and expanding extraction technology.

Drilling where there are no known reserves is called exploratory drilling, Exploratory, also called “wildcat” drilling, is a risky business with a very high failure rate. However, the potential rewards of striking oil tempt many “wildcatters” to attempt exploratory drilling. “Diamond” Glenn McCarthy, for example, is known as the “King of the Wildcatters” because of his success in discovering the massive oil reserves near Houston, Texas, United States.

McCarthy struck oil 38 times in the 1930s, earning millions of dollars. Directional drilling involves drilling vertically to a known source of oil, then veering the drill bit at an angle to access additional resources. Accusations of directional drilling led to the first Gulf War in 1991.

• Iraq accused Kuwait of using directional drilling techniques to extract oil from Iraqi oil reservoirs near the Kuwaiti border.
• Iraq subsequently invaded Kuwait, an act which drew international attention and intervention.
• After the war, the border between Iraq and Kuwait was redrawn, with the reservoirs now belonging to Kuwait.

Oil Rigs On land, oil can be drilled with an apparatus called an oil rig or drilling rig. Offshore, oil is drilled from an oil platform, Primary Production Most modern wells use an air rotary drilling rig, which can operate 24 hours a day. In this process, engines power a drill bit.

A drill bit is a cutting tool used to create a circular hole. The drill bits used in air rotary drilling rigs are hollow steel, with tungsten rods used to cut the rock. Petroleum drill bits can be 36 centimeters (14 inches) in diameter.As the drill bit rotates and cuts through the earth, small pieces of rock are chipped off.

A powerful flow of air is pumped down the center of the hollow drill, and comes out through the bottom of the drill bit. The air then rushes back toward the surface, carrying with it tiny chunks of rock. Geologists on site can study these pieces of pulverized rock to determine the different rock strata the drill encounters.When the drill hits oil, some of the oil naturally rises from the ground, moving from an area of high pressure to low pressure.

This immediate release of oil can be a “gusher,” shooting dozens of meters into the air, one of the most dramatic extraction activities. It is also one of the most dangerous, and a piece of equipment called a blowout preventer redistributes pressure to stop such a gusher. Pumps are used to extract oil.

Most oil rigs have two sets of pumps: mud pumps and extraction pumps. “Mud” is the drilling fluid used to create boreholes for extracting oil and natural gas. Mud pumps circulate drilling fluid. The petroleum industry uses a wide variety of extraction pumps.

Which pump to use depends on the geography, quality, and position of the oil reservoir. Submersible pumps, for example, are submerged directly into the fluid. A gas pump, also called a bubble pump, uses compressed air to force the petroleum to the surface or well. One of the most familiar types of extraction pumps is the pumpjack, the upper part of a piston pump.

Pumpjacks are nicknamed “thirsty birds” or “nodding donkeys” for their controlled, regular dipping motion. A crank moves the large, hammer-shaped pumpjack up and down. Far below the surface, the motion of the pumpjack moves a hollow piston up and down, constantly carrying petroleum back to the surface or well.

• Successful drilling sites can produce oil for about 30 years, although some produce for many more decades.
• Secondary Recovery Even after pumping, the vast majority (up to 90 percent) of the oil can remain tightly trapped in the underground reservoir.
• Other methods are necessary to extract this petroleum, a process called secondary recovery.

Vacuuming the extra oil out was a method used in the 1800s and early 20th century, but it captured only thinner oil components, and left behind great stores of heavy oil.Water flooding was discovered by accident. In the 1870s, oil producers in Pennsylvania noticed that abandoned oil wells were accumulating rainwater and groundwater.

The weight of the water in the boreholes forced oil out of the reservoirs and into nearby wells, increasing their production. Oil producers soon began intentionally flooding wells as a way to extract more oil. The most prevalent secondary recovery method today is gas drive, During this process, a well is intentionally drilled deeper than the oil reservoir.

The deeper well hits a natural gas reservoir, and the high-pressure gas rises, forcing the oil out of its reservoir. Oil Platforms Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling onshore. It usually uses the same drilling techniques as onshore, but requires a massive structure that can sustain the tremendous strength of ocean waves in stormy seas.Offshore drilling platforms are some of the largest manmade structures in the world.

They often include housing accommodations for people who work on the platform, as well as docking facilities and a helicopter landing pad to transport workers. The platform can either be tethered to the ocean floor and float, or can be a rigid structure that is fixed to the bottom of the ocean, sea, or lake with concrete or steel legs.

The Hibernia platform, 315 kilometers (196 miles) off Canada’s eastern shore in the North Atlantic, is one of the world’s largest oil platforms. More than 70 people work on the platform, in three-week shifts. The platform is 111 meters (364 feet) tall and is anchored to the ocean floor.

About 450,000 tons of solid ballast were added to give it additional stability. The platform can store up to 1.3 million barrels of oil. In total, Hibernia weighs 1.2 million tons! However, the platform is still vulnerable to the crushing weight and strength of icebergs, Its edges are serrated and sharp to withstand the impact of sea ice or icebergs.

Oil platforms can cause enormous environmental disasters. Problems with the drilling equipment can cause the oil to explode out of the well and into the ocean. Repairing the well hundreds of meters below the ocean is extremely difficult, expensive, and slow.

1. Millions of barrels of oil can spill into the ocean before the well is plugged.
2. When oil spills in the ocean, it floats on the water and wreaks havoc on the animal population.
3. One of its most devastating effects is on birds.
4. Oil destroys the waterproofing abilities of feathers, and birds are not insulated against the cold ocean water.

Thousands can die of hypothermia, Fish and marine mammals, too, are threatened by oil spills. The dark shadows cast by oil spills can look like food. Oil can damage animals’ internal organs and be even more toxic to animals higher up in the food chain, a process called bioaccumulation,

A massive oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico, the Deepwater Horizon, exploded in 2010. This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history. Eleven platform workers died, and more than four million barrels of oil gushed into the Gulf of Mexico. More than 40,000 barrels flowed into the ocean every day.

Eight national parks were threatened, the economies of communities along the Gulf Coast were threatened as the tourism and fishing industries declined, and more than 6,000 animals died.

Rigs to Reefs substrate Petroleum and the Environment: Bitumen and the Boreal Forest

Offshore oil platforms can also act as artificial reefs. They provide a surface () for algae, coral, oysters, and barnacles. This artificial reef can attract fish and marine mammals, and create a thriving ecosystem.Until the 1980s, oil platforms were deconstructed and removed from the oceans, and the metal was sold as scrap.

1. In 1986, the National Marine Fisheries Association developed the Rigs-to-Reefs Program.
2. Now, oil platforms are either toppled (by underwater explosion), removed and towed to a new location, or partially deconstructed.
3. This allows the marine life to continue flourishing on the artificial reef that had provided habitats for decades.The environmental impact of the Rigs-to-Reefs Program is still being studied.

Oil platforms left underwater can pose dangers to ships and divers. Fishing boats have had their nets caught in the platforms, and there are concerns about safety regulations of the abandoned structures.Environmentalists argue that oil companies should be held accountable to the commitment they originally agreed upon, which was to restore the seabed to its original condition.

• By leaving the platforms in the ocean, oil companies are excused from fulfilling this agreement, and there is concern this could set a precedent for other companies that want to dispose of their metal or machinery in the oceans.Crude oil does not always have to be extracted through deep drilling.
• If it does not encounter rocky obstacles underground, it can seep all the way to the surface and bubble above ground.

Bitumen is a form of petroleum that is black, extremely sticky, and sometimes rises to Earth’s surface. In its natural state, bitumen is typically mixed with “oil sands” or ” tar sands,” which makes it extremely difficult to extract and an unconventional source of oil.

1. Only about 20 percent of the world’s reserves of bitumen are above ground and can be surface mined.
2. Unfortunately, because bitumen contains high amounts of sulfur and heavy metals, extracting and refining it is both costly and harmful to the environment.
3. Producing bitumen into useful products releases 12 percent more carbon emissions than processing conventional oil.

Bitumen is about the consistency of cold molasses, and powerful hot steam has to be pumped into the well in order to melt the bitumen to extract it. Large quantities of water are then used to separate the bitumen from sand and clay. This process depletes nearby water supplies.

1. Releasing the treated water back into the environment can further contaminate the remaining water supply.
2. Processing bitumen from tar sands is also a complex, expensive procedure.
3. It takes two tons of oil sands to produce one barrel of oil.
4. However, we depend on bitumen for its unique properties: about 85 percent of the bitumen extracted is used to make asphalt to pave and patch our roads.

A small percentage is used for roofing and other products. Bitumen Reserves Most of the world’s tar sands are in the eastern part of Alberta, Canada, in the Athabasca Oil Sands. Other major reserves are in the North Caspian Basin of Kazahkstan and Siberia, Russia.

• The Athabasca Oil Sands are the fourth-largest reserves of oil in the world.
• Unfortunately, the bitumen reserves are located beneath part of the boreal forest, also called the taiga,
• This makes extraction both difficult and environmentally dangerous.
• The taiga circles the Northern Hemisphere just below the frozen tundra, spanning more than 5 million square kilometers (two million square miles), mostly in Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia.

It accounts for almost one-third of all of the forested land on the planet.The taiga is sometimes called the “lungs of the planet” because it filters tons of water and oxygen through the leaves and needles of its trees every day. Every spring, the boreal forest releases immense amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere and keeps our air clean.

It is home to a mosaic of plant and animal life, all of which depend on the mature trees, mosses, and lichen of the boreal biome.Surface mines are estimated to only take up 0.2 percent of Canada’s boreal forest. About 80 percent of Canada’s oil sands can be accessed through drilling, and 20 percent by surface mining.

Refining Petroleum Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oil or bitumen into more useful products, such as fuel or asphalt. Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand. These components have to be separated. This is done by heating the crude oil in a distillation tower that has trays and temperatures set at different levels.

Oil’s hydrocarbons and metals have different boiling temperatures, and when the oil is heated, vapors from the different elements rise to different levels of the tower before condensing back into a liquid on the tiered trays.Propane, kerosene, and other components condense on different tiers of the tower, and can be individually collected.

They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels, and trucks to different locations, to either be used directly or further processed. Petroleum Industry Oil was not always extracted, refined, and used by millions of people as it is today. However, it has always been an important part of many cultures.The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China as early as 350 C.E.

• The wells were drilled almost 244 meters (800 feet) deep using strong bamboo bits.
• The oil was extracted and transported through bamboo pipelines.
• It was burned as a heating fuel and industrial component.
• Chinese engineers burned petroleum to evaporate brine and produce salt.
• On the west coast of North America, Indigenous people used bitumen as an adhesive to make canoes and baskets water-tight, and as a binder for creating ceremonial decorations and tools.

By the 7th century, Japanese engineers discovered that petroleum could be burned for light. Oil was later distilled into kerosene by a Persian alchemist in the 9th century. During the 1800s, petroleum slowly replaced whale oil in kerosene lamps, producing a radical decline in whale-hunting.The modern oil industry was established in the 1850s.

The first well was drilled in Poland in 1853, and the technology spread to other countries and was improved. The Industrial Revolution created a vast new opportunity for the use of petroleum. Machinery powered by steam engines quickly became too slow, small-scale, and expensive. Petroleum-based fuel was in demand.

The invention of the mass-produced automobile in the early 20th century further increased demand for petroleum. Petroleum production has rapidly increased. In 1859, the U.S. produced 2,000 barrels of oil. By 1906, that number was 126 million barrels per year.

Today, the U.S. produces about 6.8 billion barrels of oil every year.According to OPEC, more than 70 million barrels are produced worldwide every day. That is almost 49,000 barrels per minute.Although that seems like an impossibly high amount, the uses for petroleum have expanded to almost every area of life.

Petroleum makes our lives easy in many ways. In many countries, including the U.S., the oil industry provides millions jobs, from surveyors and platform workers to geologists and engineers.The United States consumes more oil than any other country. In 2011, the U.S.

consumed more than 19 million barrels of oil every day. This is more than all of the oil consumed in Latin America (8.5 million) and Eastern Europe and Eurasia (5.5 million) combined. Petroleum is an ingredient in thousands of everyday items. The gasoline that we depend on for transportation to school, work, or vacation comes from crude oil.

A barrel of petroleum produces about 72 liters (19 gallons) of gasoline, and is used by people all over the world to power cars, boats, jets, and scooters. Diesel-powered generators are used in many remote homes, schools, and hospitals. During emergencies, when the power grid is interrupted, diesel generators save lives by providing electricity to hospitals, apartment complexes, schools, and other buildings that would otherwise be cold and “in the dark.” Petroleum is also used in liquid products such as nail polish, rubbing alcohol, and ammonia.

1. Petroleum is found in recreational items as diverse as surfboards, footballs and basketballs, bicycle tires, golf bags, tents, cameras, and fishing lures.Petroleum is also contained in more essential items such as artificial limbs, water pipes, and vitamin capsules.
2. In our homes, we are surrounded by and depend on products that contain petroleum.

House paint, trash bags, roofing, shoes, telephones, hair curlers, and even crayons contain refined petroleum. Carbon Cycle There are major disadvantages to extracting fossil fuels, and extracting petroleum is a controversial industry. Carbon, an essential element on Earth, makes up about 85 percent of the hydrocarbons in petroleum.

• Carbon constantly cycles between the water, land, and atmosphere.Carbon is absorbed by plants and is part of every living organism as it moves through the food web.
• Carbon is naturally released through volcanoes, soil erosion, and evaporation.
• When carbon is released into the atmosphere, it absorbs and retains heat, regulating Earth’s temperature and making our planet habitable.

Not all of the carbon on Earth is involved in the carbon cycle above ground. Vast quantities of it are sequestered, or stored, underground, in the form of fossil fuels and in the soil. This sequestered carbon is necessary because it keeps Earth’s “carbon budget” balanced.

However, that budget is falling out of balance. Since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have been aggressively extracted and burned for energy or fuel. This releases the carbon that has been sequestered underground, and upsets the carbon budget. This affects the quality of our air, water, and overall climate.The taiga, for example, sequesters vast amounts of carbon in its trees and below the forest floor.

Drilling for natural resources not only releases the carbon stored in the fossil fuels, but also the carbon stored in the forest itself. Combusting gasoline, which is made from petroleum, is particularly harmful to the environment. Every 3.8 liters (one gallon) of ethanol -free gas that is combusted in a car’s engine releases about nine kilograms (20 pounds) of carbon dioxide into the environment.

(Gasoline infused with 10 percent ethanol releases about eight kilograms (17 pounds.)) Diesel fuel releases about ten kilograms (22 pounds) of carbon dioxide, while biodiesel (diesel with 10 percent biofuel ) emits about 9 kilograms (20 pounds). Gasoline and diesel also directly pollute the atmosphere.

They emit toxic compounds and particulates, including formaldehyde and benzene. People and Petroleum Oil is a major component of modern civilization. In developing countries, access to affordable energy can empower citizens and lead to higher quality of life.

• Petroleum provides transportation fuel, is a part of many chemicals and medicines, and is used to make crucial items such as heart valves, contact lenses, and bandages.
• Oil reserves attract outside investment and are important for improving countries’ overall economy,
• However, a developing country’s access to oil can also affect the power relationship between a government and its people.

In some countries, having access to oil can lead government to be less democratic—a situation nicknamed a “petro-dictatorship.” Russia, Nigeria, and Iran have all been accused of having petro-authoritarian regimes. Peak Oil Oil is a nonrenewable resource, and the world’s oil reserves will not always be enough to provide for the world’s demand for petroleum.

1. Peak oil is the point when the oil industry is extracting the maximum possible amount of petroleum.
2. After peak oil, petroleum production will only decrease.
3. After peak oil, there will be a decline in production and a rise in costs for the remaining supply.Measuring peak oil uses the reserves-to-production ratio (RPR).

This ratio compares the amount of proven oil reserves to the current extraction rate. The reserves-to-production ratio is expressed in years. The RPR is different for every oil rig and every oil-producing area. Oil-producing regions that are also major consumers of oil have a lower RPR than oil producers with low levels of consumption.According to one industry report, the United States has an RPR of about nine years.

1. The oil-rich, developing nation of Iran, which has a much lower consumption rate, has an RPR of more than 80 years.It is impossible to know the precise year for peak oil.
2. Some geologists argue it has already passed, while others maintain that extraction technology will delay peak oil for decades.
3. Many geologists estimate that peak oil might be reached within 20 years.

Petroleum Alternatives Individuals, industries, and organizations are increasingly concerned with peak oil and environmental consequences of petroleum extraction. Alternatives to oil are being developed in some areas, and governments and organizations are encouraging citizens to change their habits so we do not rely so heavily on oil.

1. Bioasphalts, for example, are asphalts made from renewable sources such as molasses, sugar, corn, potato starch, or even byproducts of oil processes.
2. Although they provide a nontoxic alternative to bitumen, bioasphalts require huge crop yields, which puts a strain on the agricultural industry.Algae is also a potentially enormous source of energy.

Algae oil (so-called “green crude”) can be converted into a biofuel. Algae grows extremely quickly and takes up a fraction of the space used by other biofuel feedstocks. About 38,849 square kilometers (15,000 square miles) of algae—less than half the size of the U.S.

State of Maine—would provide enough biofuel to replace all of the U.S.’s petroleum needs. Algae absorbs pollution, releases oxygen, and does not require freshwater. The country of Sweden has made it a priority to drastically reduce its dependence on oil and other fossil fuel energy by 2020. Experts in agriculture, science, industry, forestry, and energy have come together to develop sources of sustainable energy, including geothermal heat pumps, wind farms, wave and solar energy, and domestic biofuel for hybrid vehicles.

Changes in society’s habits, such as increasing public transportation and video-conferencing for businesses, are also part of the plan to decrease oil use. Fast Fact Playtime A “petroleum play” is full of drama! A petroleum play is a group of oil fields in a single geographic region, created by the same geologic forces or during the same time period.

1. A petroleum play may be defined by a time period (Paleozoic play), rock type (shale play), or a combination of both.
2. Fast Fact Tar Pits In Los Angeles, California, United Stats, bitumen has been seeping to Earth’s surface for thousands of years at what is now called the La Brea Tar Pits.
3. The pits have preserved fossils of saber-toothed cats, mastodons, turtles, dire wolves, horses, and other plants and animals that were trapped in the sticky substance 40,000 years ago.

Bitumen continues to bubble up through the ground today. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

How many Litres is a barrel of diesel?

Products of the Refining Process – When crude oil is input into a fractional distillation tower, there is an overall increase in volume of product. If a single barrel of crude oil – equal to about 159 liters – were refined, the volume of the final products is actually greater than the volume of the initial crude oil.

• In fact, 170 liters of refined petroleum products can be obtained from 159 liters of crude oil.
• There is an increase in volume through the refining process as a result of an effect known as processing gain,
• Processing gain simply refers to the volume by which output increases compared to input that occurs as a result of processed petroleum products having a lower specific gravity than the initial crude oil.

This results in the final products “taking up more space” than the initial crude oil. Figure 1. A pie chart showing the percentage of the final 170 liters of petroleum products obtained from 159 liters of crude oil. Each product obtained from the refining process is collected in different amounts. In Figure 1, the percentage of the final 170 liter volume that each product makes up is shown in a pie chart.

1. From the image, it is apparent that vehicle fuels make up a large portion of the final product.
2. In liters, gasoline makes up about 73 liters of the final 170, diesel and heating oil make up about 40 liters, while kerosene -type jet fuels make up about 15.5 liters.
3. Despite the fact that these numbers are comparatively large, it does not mean that the other products are not useful.

For example, petrochemical feedstocks make up only 4.2 liters of the final 170, however they are used to make a variety of different products from pharmaceuticals to plastics. More information about the vast number of products that can be created with petrochemical feedstocks can be found here,

How much does it cost to refine a barrel of oil?

6.4 Total Refining Cost – In total, the costs and charges (excluding utilities) for a new conventional conversion refinery operating at full capacity would amount to just over $10 per barrel. But the majority of refineries in operation is largely amortized and therefore operates with lower refining costs, in the order of $3 to $5 per barrel of crude oil processed.

What country has most oil?

Venezuela – 303.806 Billion Barrels – Venezuela holds the largest oil reserves globally, with over 300 billion barrels mainly located in the Orinoco Belt at the southern end of the eastern Orinoco River Basin. Image Source: Freepik

What country exports the most oil?

Top oil Export Companies in India – According to Import export data, these are the top oil exporting companies in India : India is not a major exporter of oil, but several oil refining companies in India export their products to other countries. Here is some of the top oil exporting companies in India: Reliance Industries Limited : Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is the largest private-sector oil refining company in India.

1. It operates two refineries in Jamnagar, Gujarat, with a combined capacity of 1.24 million barrels per day.
2. RIL is a significant exporter of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
3. Indian Oil Corporation Limited : Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) is the largest state-owned oil refining company in India.

It operates 11 refineries in India with a combined capacity of 81.2 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA). IOCL exports petroleum products to several countries, including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Mauritius. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited : Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is another state-owned oil refining company in India.

It operates four refineries in Mumbai, Kochi, Bina, and Numaligarh, with a combined capacity of 38.3 MMTPA. BPCL exports petroleum products to several countries, including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited : Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is a state-owned oil refining company in India.

It operates three refineries in Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, and Bathinda, with a combined capacity of 24 MMTPA. HPCL exports petroleum products to several countries, including Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited : Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) is a subsidiary of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) and operate a refinery in Mangalore, Karnataka, with a capacity of 15 MMTPA.

How long does 1000 litres of oil last?

How Long Should My Heating Oil Last? – Heating oil is a popular source of heating homes in the UK. This is particularly common in rural areas where homes may not be connected to a main gas network. If you use heating oil to heat your home, you may wonder, ‘how long should my heating oil last’.

However, the answer to this is more complex; many factors must be considered, so let’s explore these. First of all, the size of your tank will, of course play a significant role in how long oil lasts. As you can imagine, the bigger the tank, the longer it will last, and vice-versa. So if you want to minimise oil deliveries, you may want to consider having a bigger tank installed.

Secondly is how often you use your heating. Depending on where you live, you may be forced into using your system more if you have a cooler climate or get cold winters, you’ll certainly notice your oil going quicker than those in milder temperatures. In Scotland, those on the west coast, are likely to use less heating oil than those in the east,

You should also consider the heating system you actually use, some older systems can be inefficient meaning it uses more oil to produce the same heat as some newer, efficient systems. Whilst upgrading your system may be an expensive upfront cost, it can save you money in the long run, if you can get a more efficient system in place.

Considering all of these factors, it’s difficult to get a definitive answer on how long heating oil should last. There is a standard rule that 1,000 litres should last 6 months, but everything discussed can play a part in this. Here at Oilfast, we know how frustrating it can be to keep track of your oil, and have to pay a large sum when it comes time to refill.

To help you out, we offer a, our hassle-free way to pay. This lets you pay monthly payments for heating oil and can work in conjunction with our top-up fuel service so we can monitor your fuel level and fill it up as soon as you need it. By paying a monthly fee, we aim to relieve some of the pressure of a lump-sum payment, particularly in the winter months.

In conclusion, how long your heating oil lasts will depend on a variety of factors, as discussed. And whilst there’s no one-size-fits-all answer to the common question ‘How long should my heating oil last?’ there are steps everyone can take including, ensuring your home is well insulated, keeping it at a reasonable heat and closing doors and windows when required to keep heat in.

How many kg in 1 litre of diesel?

Weight units energy Coal and oil products are measured both in kilograms and in cubic metres of natural gas equivalents. Calculating weight from volume units of oil products:- LPG: 1 litre = 0.53 kilogram; -Naphtha: 1 litre = 0.75 kilogram;- Oil-aromatics: 1 litre = 0.75 kilogram;- Aviation fuel: 1 litre = 0,80 kilogram;- Motor fuel: 1 litre = 0.745 kilogram;- Other light oils: 1 litre = 0.75 kilogram;- Petroleum: 1 litre = 0.79 kilogram;- Gas, diesel, light fuel oil: 1 litre = 0.84 kilogram;- Heavy fuel oil: 1 litre = 0,96 kilogram;- Lubricants: 1 litre = 0.88 kilogram.Calculating weight from cubic metres of natural gas equivalents:- LPG: 1 m3 ae = 0.700 kilogram;- Natural gas: 1 m3 = 0,829 kilogram; – Other gas: variable dependent on composition.

Is 1kg of oil 1 Litre?

1 KG of oil is equal to 1.1 Litre | GheeStore.

Is a barrel of oil 42 or 55 gallons?

When it comes to oil, did you know that a “barrel of crude” contains only 42 gallons rather than 55 gallons like —most of us associate with the size of an average industrial barrel? This amount became the standard back in the mid-1800’s during the first American oil boom in Titusville, Pennsylvania.

During this time, there was so much oil being pumped from the ground that early drillers had a serious problem on their hands: where to put all of this crude oil? Just about every type of container was used, including wooden tierces, whiskey barrels, and casks. The best method of liquid transportation at the time was in these watertight wooden barrels.

These specialized containers were made by skilled craftsman, but they were not all the same size. Eventually, there came a point where the oil containers needed to be economically transported. Wooden casks were large and too heavy while the smaller containers proved unprofitable.

It was then decided that the best way to transport oil would be inside a 42 gallon wooden tierce, a size for wine storage set by King Richard III in 1483. It weighed approximately 300 pounds and could be moved by a single man. This size uniformity is just what the oil industry of the 19 th century needed.

In 1860, the 42 gallon barrel became the official standard for a barrel of oil. It was easy to fit 20 barrels of crude on a typical rail car in this time period. As oil was being discovered in other parts of the United States, the methods of transportation and storage were quickly catching on.

1. By 1872, the Petroleum Producers Association, the US Geological Survey, and the US Bureau of Mines all adopted the 42 gallon drum as their standard.
2. Although it’s been over a century since oil was delivered in actual barrels, 42 gallons remains the “per barrel” standard to this day.
3. If you’d like to get yourself a 55 gallon drum of industrial-quality oil, head on over to Petroleum Service Company, the pioneer of online petroleum sales.

OR, if all your oil needs are met for the time being, might we suggest learning about all the products made from a barrel of oil in our What’s in a Barrel of Oil breakdown? Information is power, after all.

How much is a barrel of oil today?

Live interactive chart of West Texas Intermediate (WTI or NYMEX) crude oil prices per barrel. The current price of WTI crude oil as of August 01, 2023 is 81.04 per barrel.

How many barrels of oil per day?

Global oil production amounted to 93.9million barrels per day in 2022. The level of oil production reached an all-time high in 2019, at nearly 95 million barrels. However, the coronavirus pandemic and its impact on transportation fuel demand led to a notable decline in the following year.

How much oil is left in the world?

World Oil Reserves – See also: List of countries by Oil Reserves There are 1.65 trillion barrels of proven oil reserves in the world as of 2016, The world has proven reserves equivalent to 46.6 times its annual consumption levels, This means it has about 47 years of oil left (at current consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).